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Wilfred Owen

Dulce et decorum est

Easier questions:
Stanza 1

Lorraine Knickelbein
Grens High School
Updated: 1 March 2014
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This is a powerful anti-war poem. It is set in the trenches of northern France during the Great War -- a.k.a. World War I -- and describes with graphic detail the horror of the war, especially the gas that dissolved the lungs and caused the soldiers to die an excruciating and humiliating death by drowning in their own blood.

Dying for one's country, the poet concludes, is in no way a glorious and honourable thing.



ABOUT THE POET

Wilfred Owen was born in 1893 in Shropshire to a family of committed Christians. He was educated at the Birkenhead Institute and Shrewsbury Technical College.

Owen wanted to become a teacher but his father could not afford the university fees. Instead, therefore, he journeyed to France in 1913 where he worked as a tutor. He also wrote occasional poetry, none of which is particularly known.

When the Great War broke out in 1914, Owen maintained a vague interest in events through cuttings from newspapers sent by his mother with whom he had a close relationship.

Eventually, however, the pressure of propaganda overcame him and, in October 1915, he returned to England and enlisted. He was then 22 years of age.

The poet spent a year in training. Letters to his mother reveal that he enjoyed the prestige of wearing the military uniform.

His training finished at the end of 1916 whereupon he joined the 2nd Manchesters in France where he took command of No. 3 Platoon.

His enthusiasm initially abounded but soon he was sent to the frontline and witnessed firsthand the gross tragedy of warfare: living in trenches which were forever knee-deep in mud and water, the rotting corpses of soldiers, the dreadful war injuries.

"I have suffered seventh hell," he wrote to his mother. "I have not been at the front. I have been in front of it . . . to where the ground was not mud, not sloppy mud, but an octopus of sucking clay, three, four, and five feet deep, relieved only by craters full of water . . . "

Initially Owen's character and temperament did not suit his being a soldier. He was a scholar and a poet, introverted and sensitive. Moreover, he was a committed Christian whose ideals were opposed to warfare in any form. It was during this period that he appears to have penned most of his anti-war poems.

The war forced him to face a conflict between his Christian beliefs and his role as a soldier, a scholar wrote. "I am more and more a Christian," he wrote to his mother in May 1917. "Suffer dishonour and disgrace, but never resort to arms. Be bullied, be outraged, be killed: but do not kill."

Late in 1917 Owen was sent home, suffering from shell-shock. While recuperating in the military hospital, he fell under the influence of the anti-war poet, Siegfried Sassoon, who aided him in polishing his war poetry.

Yet Owen appears to have had a distinct dislike for pacifists and did not want to be identified with them. Indeed, he felt that his poetry could have a far deeper impact if emanating from a soldier in the trenches.

For that reason, therefore, he re-enlisted for the army and, in October 1918, he rejoined his company in France. This time, however, he appears to have identified himself with the soldiers and took tremendous risks in battle.

During one encounter, he captured a German machine gun and used it to decimate a host of enemy soldiers, for which deed he won the Victoria Cross. Although he denied it in letters to his mother, he appears now to have become a killing machine.

In early November, just one week before the armistice which ended the war, he supervised the construction of a bridge to cross the Sambre and Oise Canal. Wave after wave of his own men were massacred in the attempt. Wilfred Owen too fell in a flurry of machine gun bullets.

He was buried in a small British cemetery in northern France. He was then just 25 years of age.

Have you looked at the questions
in the right column?
TEST YOURSELF!
Read the left column and then answer
the following questions:



The poem is called "Dulce et decorum est".
  • Explain why this title is ironic. (2)

[Need help?]




"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge."
  • Identify the simile in the first line. What is being compared? (3)

[Need help?]

  • Why does the poet use this comparison? (2)

[Need help?]

  • What impression does the reader get of the soldiers in these two lines? Quote an example to support your answer. (2)

[Need help?]

  • What is "sludge"? (2)

[Need help?]




"Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs
And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep."
  • How do the men feel in the first line? Quote TWO CONSECUTIVE words to support your answer. (3)

[Need help?]




"Many had lost their boots
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind."
  • Identify the figure of speech found in "blood-shod". Why has the poet used this comparison? (4)

[Need help?]

  • The poet says "all blind". Is this meant literally or figuratively? Explain your answer. (3)

[Need help?]




"Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of disappointed shells that dropped behind."
  • Identify the figure of speech in "Drunk with fatigue". Why has the poet made this comparison? (3)

[Need help?]

  • Identify the figure of speech in "the hoots". What causes "the hoots"? (3)

[Need help?]




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